The 4th Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizures and searches and right “to be secure" or to move freely without apprehension of oppression as you come and go is essentially a myth and propaganda with regard to its application Black people in this Free Range Prison.
Prominent defense attorney Leonard Stamm explains the following about the 4th Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures:
“POLICE MAY FORCIBLY STOP AND BRIEFLY DETAIN A PERSON FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION IF THE OFFICER HAS FACTS GIVING RISE TO A REASONABLE, ARTICULABLE SUSPICION THAT THE PERSON HAS COMMITTED, IS COMMITTING, OR IS ABOUT TO COMMIT A CRIME.”
Police may not act on on the basis of an inchoate or unclear and unparticularized suspicion or a hunch - there must be some specific articulable facts along with reasonable inferences from those facts to justify the intrusion. Reasonable articulable suspicion is based on the totality of the circumstances. Nervous, evasive behavior, flight from police, may give rise to a reasonable articulable suspicion sufficient to justify a stop. But, a law enforcement officer cannot simply assert that innocent conduct was suspicious to him/her, but rather must explain how that conduct was indicative of criminal activity.
AUTHORITY: Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 519, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145 L.Ed.2d 254 (2000); United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002) Goode v. State, 41 Md.App. 623, 398 A.2d 801, cert. den., 285 Md. 730 (1979); Lawson v. State, 120 Md.App. 610, 707 A.2d 947 (1998); Cartnail v. State, 359 Md. 272, 753 A.2d 519 (2000); Sullivan v. State, 132 Md.App. 682, 753 A.2d 601(2000); Wise v. State, 132 Md.App. 127, 751 A.2d 24 (2000); Rowe v. State, 363 Md. 424, 769 A.2d 879 (2001)(edge line crossing - stop held bad); Edwards v. State, 143 Md.App. 155, 792 A.2d 1197 (2002)(center line crossing - stop held good); Dowdy v. State, 144 Md.App. 325, 798 A.2d 1 (2002)(excessive lane changing and drifting -stop held good); Stokes v. State, 362 Md. 407, 765 A.2d 612 (2001)(black man in a black tee shirt is too vague); Muse v. State, 146 Md.App. 395, 807 A.2d 113 (2002)(approving stop for cracked windshield); Collins v. State, 376 Md. 359, 829 A.2d 992 (2003)(approving stop where defendant was spotted on foot, within about fifteen minutes after the robbery, about 200 yards away, and met the description with reference to height, weight, type of clothing and method of escape); Ransome v. State, 373 Md. 99, 816 A.2d 901 (2003)(Terry stop not justified by bulge in pocket, and defendant staring at police officer in high crime area); Craig v. State, 148 Md.App. 670, 814 A.2d 41 (2002)(police had articulable reasonable suspicion); State v. Blasi, 167 Md.App. 483, 893 A.2d 1152 (2006)(conducting field sobriety tests constitutes a search for 4th Amendment purposes, but pursuant to Terry, such a search only requires articulable reasonable suspicion); Sykes v. State, 166 Md.App. 206, 887 A.2d 1095 (2005)(officer’s grabbing, crumbling, and rolling techniques used in search were proper under Terry); Matoumba v. State, 162 Md.App. 39, 873 A.2d 386 (2005)(conduct of passenger of vehicle provided sufficient articulable reasonable suspicion for officer to frisk him following a stop); Madison-Shepard v. State, 177 Md.App. 165, 934 A.2d 1046 (2007)(officer did not have sufficient articulable reasonable suspicion to assume that the Appellant was the suspect described in the radio alert, because he was black, had corn row hair, did not have an ID, and acted nervous upon being approached by the police); State v. Williams, 401 Md. 676, 934 A.2d 38 (2007)(rear window was darker than “normal” did not provide sufficient articulable reasonable suspicion for the stop); State v. Dick, 181 Md. App. 693, 957 A.2d 150 (2008)(officer had reasonable articulable suspicion where suspect in high drug crime area riding bike in gas station for 15 minutes, go up the street, and engage in a hand-to-hand transaction); Crosby v. State, 408 Md. 490, 970 A.2d 894 (2009)(a law enforcement officer cannot simply assert that innocent conduct was suspicious to him/her, but rather must explain how that conduct was indicative of criminal activity); Hicks v. State, 189 Md. App. 112, 984 A.2d 246 (2009); In re Jeremy P., 197 Md. App. 1, 11 A.3d 830 (2011)(“Mere conclusory statements by the officer that what he saw made him believe the defendant had a weapon are not enough to satisfy the State’s burden of articulating reasonable suspicion that the suspect was involved in criminal activity.” The officer lacked reasonable suspicion based solely on adjustments in the waistband vicinity in an area known for criminal activity where the officer cannot recount additional specific facts that suggest that the suspect is concealing a weapon. The fact that the incident occurred in a “high risk area” also did not tilt the reasonable suspicion scale.).” [MORE]
With regard to police also touching you to search you Stamm explains:
“IN ADDITION TO THE REASONABLE, ARTICULABLE, SUSPICION REQUIRED FOR THE STOP, IF THE OFFICER HAS REASONABLE, ARTICULABLE SUSPICION TO BELIEVE THAT THE PERSON IS ARMED OR OTHERWISE A DANGER, THE OFFICER MAY FRISK OR PATDOWN THE SUSPECT FOR WEAPONS ONLY.
For crimes which are inherently violent a frisk is appropriate based on the suspicion for the stop. The frisk or pat-down is only to search for weapons. Unless the pat-down search reveals the presence of a weapon, the officer may not reach in a pocket and remove an item which does not pose a threat to the officer's safety unless Minnesota v. Dickerson is satisfied. The officer may not pull the defendant's shirt out if the frisk is unsuccessful.”
The Supreme Court has ruled that the police must have independent reasonable articulable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous before they may touch you or put their hands on you (a cursory patdown for weapons). Police may not act on on the basis of an inchoate or unclear and unparticularized suspicion or a hunch - there must be some specific, actual & articulable facts along with reasonable inferences from those facts to justify the intrusion.
AUTHORITIES: Terry; Alfred v. State, 61 Md.App. 647, 487 A.2d 1228 (1985); Simpler v. State, 318 Md. 311, 568 A.2d 22 (1990); Quince v. State, 319 Md. 430, 572 A.2d 1086 (1990); Weedon v. State, 82 Md.App.692, 573 A.2d 92 (1990); Aguilar v. State, 88 Md.App. 276, 594 A.2d 1167 (1991); State v. Smith, 345 Md. 460, 693 A.2d 749(1997); Partee v. State, 121 Md.App. 237, 708 A.2d 1113 (1998)(passenger illegally detained when he was shot); In Re: David S., 367 Md. 523, 789 A.2d 607 (2002)(search exceeded scope of Terry frisk); Russell v. State, 138 Md. App. 638, 773 A.2d 564(nervousness of driver and taking items out of pocket and returning to pocket large enough to contain a weapon in high crime area after being asked if he had a driver's license supported pat down); Graham v. State, 146 Md. App. 327, 807 A.2d 75 (2002)(no basis for pat down); Bailey v. State, 412 Md. 349, 987 A.2d 72 (2010); Hicks v. State, 189 Md. App. 112, 984 A.2d 246 (2009)(Terry frisk for weapons justified based on the inherent dangers of drug enforcement and that a detention based on reasonable suspicion of drug dealing); In re Lorenzo C., 187 Md. App. 411, 978 A.2d 890 (2009)(reasonable belief that suspect may be armed stemmed from :refusal to take hands out of pockets, officer solo handling three subjects, subject’s attempt to walk away from officer, furtive movement, investigation into crime of violence, and early morning hour); Epps v. State, 193 Md. App. 687, 1 A.3d 488 (2010)(order that defendant lift his shirt exceeded permissible scope of Terry pat-down frisk of outer clothing for weapons.; pat-down would not have permitted recovery of plastic baggie that was protruding from waistline of defendant's pants, as it was not hard object that could have been mistaken for weapon).
Question: where are “your rights” on the street? Perhaps rights exist if the cops also share in your illusion that they do - otherwise you better hope some other authoritarian such as a prosecutor or judge agrees that you had some rights, sometime subsequent to the harmful government intrusion. FUNKTIONARY calls this “the thought standard.” Brazen cops so frequently abuse their power that no one—no Black motorist, no juvenile, no adult, no professional of any kind—could make a compelling argument that constitutional rights afford Black or Latino people any real protection from police - not on the street. Dr. Blynd states, "The child who is taught to believe the law will be his protection is the child who will become the victim of its own beliefs." "Unquestioned beliefs own you." Rights are myths and are better characterized as “master’s favors.” Believe in this bullshit at your own risk.